Chapter 3
Cell Processes

_______________  – is anything in the universe that has mass and takes up space.

    Matter is composed of small units.

    The smallest unit of matter is _______________  .           

Atoms are made of three subatomic particles.

_______________  – are substances that contain only one kind of atom.

·        _______________  are given one or two letter symbols.

·        Most things are a combination of elements.  Few things exist as pure elements.

·        The Human body is composed of mainly _______________  (65%), _______________  (18.5%), and _______________  (9.5%). 

·        The following elements make up 99% of living matter:  _______________ 

_______________  – are elements chemically combined in exact proportions. {different property}

_______________  - smallest unit of compound

o       _______________  – an atom that has a positive or negative charge.

_______________  – is a combination of substance in which individual substances retain their own properties. - not chemically combined solids, liquid, gases

_______________  -mixtures- one substance is mixed evenly with other substances

_______________  - substances are evenly spread through a liquid or gas settle out over time

_______________  compounds- compound that contain carbon and hydrogen and are associated with living things (or their products)

o       _______________  - special proteins that regulate nearly all chemical reactions in the cells

_______________  compounds – are made from elements other than carbon. 

o       Water is an important inorganic compound.  (50% if living things are water or more!)  Water has unique properties.

Selectively permeable – some thing pass other can’t.  The cell membrane is selectively permeable.

_______________  transport – is the movement of substances through the cell membrane without the use of energy.  There are three types of passive transport.

          1. _______________  – is the movement of molecules from the area of higher concentration to the area of lower concentration.  It occurs in gases, liquids, and solids.

o       _______________  - molecules are spread out evenly. Molecules don’t stop at equilibrium; they continue to move.  Diffusion stops at equilibrium.

          2. _______________  -diffusion of H₂O through a membrane.

          3. _______________  Diffusion – is when substances pass though the cell membrane by help of a transport protein.

_______________  transport - is when energy is required to pass the membrane.  This transport also uses the transport proteins.

o       _______________  - passes objects into the cell using energy.

o       _______________  - passes objects out of the cell using energy.

_______________  - is the total of all chemical activities of an organism that enables it to stay alive, grow, and reproduce.  These reactions need enzymes (helps it happen but is not changed).

Living things can be divided into two groups.

§       _______________  - are organisms that cannot make food.

§         _______________  - are organisms that can make food.  This is done through the process of photosynthesis.

_______________ 

_______________  - releases energy needed for life.

Respiration occurs in the cells of all living things.  In a plant cell, respiration and photosynthesis may be occurring at the same time.

_______________  - is the respiration that is lacking sufficient amounts of oxygen.  The wastes of fermentation may be lactic acid or alcohol and carbon dioxide. 

Yeasts use fermentation and break down sugar in bread dough to produce alcohol and carbon dioxide. 

Notice that respiration and photosynthesis are almost the opposite of each other.  Most life would not be possible without these important chemical reactions.