Chapter 7

Notes Over Text

_______________ – discovered bacteria using scraping of his teeth.

It took over one hundred years before bacteria were proved to be living cells.

Bacteria have 3 shapes

1.     _______________ – which is sphere shaped

2.     _______________ – which is rod shaped

3.     _______________ – which is spiral shaped

Characteristics of all bacteria

·        _______________ – but may group together or chain

·        Have _______________ and _______________

·        _______________ – no membrane bound organelles

·        Have a _______________ _______________ chromosome

·        Have _______________

·        Bacteria are very small – much smaller than eukaryotes. 

Some bacteria have special characteristics

·        Some bacteria have a _______________ – which is a gel-like coat that helps it stick to surfaces are for added protection.

·        Some bacteria have a _______________ – which helps bacteria stick to surfaces and helps prevent water loss.

·        Some bacteria have a _______________ – which is a whip-like tail. 

Most reproduce using a type of asexual reproduction called _______________.

Some bacteria reproduce using a simple form of sexual reproduction.

Some bacteria are producers.  However, most are _______________.

Some bacteria are _______________ – which is an organism that needs oxygen.

Some bacteria are _______________ – which is an organism that doesn’t need oxygen.

Oxygen may even kill anaerobes.

There are two kingdoms of bacteria.

1.     _______________

2.     _______________

Bacteria is grouped by cell shape, structure, way they get food, type of food, the wastes thy produce, cell movement, anaerobe or aerobe, and genetic material.

Eubacteria

Found almost everywhere (air, food, soil, your body).

 _______________ – is a type of eubacteria.

·        These are producers (contain chlorophyll)

·        They are sometimes called blue-green bacteria but can be yellow, black, or red (this gives the Red Sea its name).

·        Each is one-celled, but they live in long filaments or chains.

·        Found in water – have flagellum to move – fish eat Cyanobacteria.

·        They are known to kill lakes through a process called blooms.

Consumer Eubacteria

·        Grouped by type of cell wall which is seen by how it stains

·        Different antibiotics work on different bacteria

 Archaebacteria

·        They live in extreme locations: salty lakes, muddy swamps, intestines, deep oceans)

·        Divided by where they live and how they get energy.

·        Archaebacteria are anaerobes.

Bacteria are helpful.  Most bacteria help us.

 ·        Bacteria in our intestines make _______________.

·        Some bacteria produce chemicals called _______________. They are substances that inhibit or kill another organism.

o       Penicillin is one.  Amoxicillin is another.

·        _______________ – are organisms that use dead material as a food and energy source.  They return the nutrients to the system.  They help keep it clean.

 ·        _______________ bacteria – change nitrogen from the air into forms useful for plants and animals.  This type of bacteria lives on legume roots.  These save farmers from having to fertilize even more.

 ·        _______________ – help clean up or remove environmental pollutants.  Bacteria can be used to clean oil spills, for example.

 ·        Bacteria help make _______________, _______________, _______________, sauerkraut, _______________, _______________, and _______________.

 ·        Bacteria in industry help make _______________, _______________, _______________, and _______________.

 ·        _______________ that is released as a waste by bacteria can be used as a fuel source.

 Some bad bacteria can be harmful or even deadly.

 ·        _______________ – are organisms that produce disease.  These include bacteria that cause strep throat, tetanus, whooping cough, staff infection, anthrax, and diphtheria.

 o       _______________ – are poisons that are produced by bacterial pathogens. 

 §        One of these poisons causes botulism that can cause paralysis or death.

§        _______________ are on some pathogens.  They are thick walls that protect the bacteria and toxin from heat and dehydration.  Endospores can help bacteria survive for hundreds of years or more.

_______________ – is a process of heating to kill bacteria.  It is named after Louis Pasteur who first formulated the process for the wine industry in France in the 19^th century.  Today many juices, milk products, and other items are pasteurized.

 _______________ help treat bacterial diseases.

 _______________ help prevent bacterial diseases.  They are made from damaged particles from bacteria’s cell walls.  It helps the body recognize bacteria and thus prevents the organism from getting infected in the future.