Chapter 9 & 10

CHAPTER 9

Scientists have identified _______________– _______________species of plants!!  They are nearly everywhere on Earth!  Life like we know it could not exist without green plants on Earth! 

CHARACTERISTICS OF PLANTS

 _______________– are red, yellow, or orange pigments that are used for photosynthesis.

 Why would a plant want to live on land? 

More _______________ is available on land as is more _______________.

 Plants faced problems when moving to live on land rather than in water as the protists.

There are three main problems that needed to be solved.

 1.      _______________                2.      _______________                3.      _______________

The plant kingdom is divided into _______________instead of into phyla.

It is divided into _______________and _______________.

_______________tissue – is long, tube-like cells in which water and nutrients are transported.

_______________plants – do not contain any vascular tissue

_______________plants – contain vascular tissue.  Most plants we are familiar with are vascular.

Seedless Non-Vascular Plants

They are only a few cells thick and only 2 – 5 cm in height. 

They have rhizoids instead of roots that anchor them where they grow. 

They live where it is damp. 

Examples are the mosses, liverworts, and hornworts.

    1. _______________        2. _______________        3. _______________

 Nonvascular plants are important because they are _______________. 

 _______________ are the first to grow in new or disturbed environments such as after a fire or volcano.  Rhizoids begin to make cracks larger and weather rocks.  They then give an area for other plants to live and help the process of making soil.

The Seedless Vascular plants are another group of simple plants.  These plants have vascular tissue and reproduce with spores instead of seeds.

These plants today grow to be 1 or 2 meters tall at maximum.  In the Paleozoic era, these plants grew to be 15 meters tall!

                         _______________– are the largest group of seedless vascular plants.

·        _______________ are the leaves of the fern plant.

·        During the Carboniferous period of the Paleozoic era, ferns were the size of huge trees (25 meters tall)!!

                        _______________Mosses and Spike Mosses

·        _______________– is the club moss that looks like little pine trees.

_______________

·        Have a jointed hollow center surrounded by vascular tissue

·        They look like a scouring pad on top are were used for polishing objects, sharpening tools, and scouring cooking utensils.

·        Native Americans used these plants are toys (like tinker toys).

·        It is nicknamed _______________

Importance of Seedless Plants –

Ancient seedless plants died was transformed through millions of years into _______________.  Much of the US uses this to make electricity.

_______________– is formed from remains of sphagnum moss.  It is a low-cost fuel used in many countries.

 Seedless Vascular Plants are also used for many things:  Houseplants, landscaping, moss for gardening, soil conditioner, lining hanging baskets, basketry weaving material, horsetail flour, folk medicines, treating bee stings, burns, fevers, and even dandruff

 Seed Plants

They are divided into two major groups – _______________and _______________.

Most seed plants have leaves, stems, and roots.

_______________– are the organs of the plant where the food-making process usually occurs.

·        The small holes in the epidermis are called _______________.  

·        The _______________layer is just under the upper epidermis.  This is where most chloroplasts are found in the leaf.  Most food production happens here. 

_______________– support the branches, leaves, and reproductive structures of the plant.

·        Material is transported through the stem.

·        Some stems store food or water.

·        Some stems help plants climb.

§         Plants are herbaceous or woody.

_______________– are many as large or larger than the aboveground plant most of the time.

·        Absorb water and dissolved substances and oxygen.

·        Anchor to support the plant.

·        Can store food and/or water. 

Vascular Tissue – contains three types.

1.      _______________– transports water and dissolved substances.

2.      _______________– transports food made by the plant.

3.      _______________– produces new xylem and phloem.

_______________– are vascular plants that produce seeds in a cone. 

The four divisions of gymnosperms include conifers (evergreen trees), cycads, ginkgoes, and gnetophytes.

_______________– are vascular plants that produce seeds in a fruit from a flower.

Most plants belong to this group.

_______________– develop into a fruit.  Not all fruit are juicy or sweet.  Some are dry.

Angiosperms are divided into _______________and _______________.

They are named for the number of seed leaves they have. 

A seed leaf is called a _______________.

Seed plants give us paper, clothing fabric, food, lumber, medicines, paint, soap, etc.

CHAPTER 10

PLANTS REPRODUCTION

Most plants can reproduce in two ways

1.      _______________ – during which two sex cells unite forming an offspring that is genetically different from either parent

·        _______________ – is the joining of egg and sperm (gametes)

·        _______________ – is the resulting cell that grows into the new organism

·        some plants have all reproductive organs on the same plant while others are on separate plants

2.      _______________ – during which one parent produces an offspring that is identical to it

·        new plants can be grown from just a few cells of the parent plant

·        the cells can come from a stem, leaf, or root piece

Plants have a 2-stage life cycles

1.      _______________ – makes gametes

2.      _______________ – make spores

Seed Reproduction – most plants on Earth are seed plants

_______________ – has water resistant covering and contains gametophyte parts that make sperm.

 _______________ – the transfer pollen grains to female part of the plant

After pollination, a pollen tube is made and sperm swims through it.  Then fertilization occurs and a zygote is produced.

Seeds contain embryo, stored food, and a protective coat.  The seed develops much faster than a spore because it has the stored food.

 _______________

·        2 ovules are found on base of each scale of cones.  This is where the egg is produced.

·        Pollen is produced in smaller male cones and is carried to the female cone where fertilization occurs.

·        It can take a long time for seeds to be released from the female cones (2-3 years).

_______________

·        These are vascular plants in which the seed is enclosed inside a fruit.  And all angiosperms produce flowers which is the reproductive organ of the plant.

·        More than half of all known plant species are angiosperms.

·        Some flowers do not have bright colors or smells at all. (ie. Grass, wheat, or rice)

·        The shape, size, and color of flowers tell you about the life of the plant.

o       Bright colors are to attract insects and animals to help with pollination

o       Flowers that are not bright depend on wind for pollination – they may have no petals at all

o       Flowers that have strong smells may open at night and use the smell to attract animals

Flower parts are on page 285.

·        _______________ – usually colorful to attach pollinators

·        _______________ – are small, leaf-like parts under the flower.

·        _______________ – is the male reproductive organ of a flower.

o       _______________ – are the support of the anther.

o       _______________ – are where the pollen is formed.

o       _______________ – are where sperm develop.

·        _______________ – is the female reproductive organ of a flower.

o       _______________ – is a sticky region on the top of the pistil that catches the pollen.

o       _______________ – is the long stalk-like support of the pistil.

o       _______________ – is the swollen base of the pistil where ovules are formed.

o       _______________ – are what develop into eggs.

A mature ovary is a _______________.

 In the seed, an embryo exists.  It also has stored food which is called endosperm and a protective coating.

 Seeds are _______________ in a great number of ways.  (wind, animals eat it, animals move it on their bodies, water)

 _______________ – is the development of a seed into a new plant.

            Some seeds may germinate right away if the conditions are right.  Other seeds may have to wait until conditions are right – this may take up to hundreds of years!